Some Examples of QBSIC Programming

Qbasic program to check entered letter is capital or small(uppercase or lowercase)

REM PROGRAM TO CHECK ENTERED NUMBER IS UPPERCASE OR LOWERCASE
CLS
INPUT "Enter a letter";A$
U$=UCASE$(A$)
IF U$=A$ THEN
PRINT "It is capital letter"
ELSE
PRINT "It is small letter"
ENDIF
END

USING DECLARE FUNCTION PROCEDURE

DECLARE FUNCTION UC$ (A$)
CLS
INPUT "Enter a letter"; A$
PRINT UC$(A$)
END

FUNCTION UC$ (A$)
CH$ = UCASE$(A$)
IF A$ = CH$ THEN
UC$ = "It is capital letter"
ELSE
UC$ = "It is small letter"
END IF
END FUNCTION

USING DECLARE SUB PROCEDURE

DECLARE SUB UC(A$)
CLS
INPUT "Enter a letter"; A$
CALL UC(A$)
END

SUB UC(A$)
CH$ = UCASE$(A$)
IF A$ = CH$ THEN
PRINT "It is capital letter"
ELSE
PRINT "It is small letter"
END IF
END SUB

---

Program to check a given number is palindrome or not in qbasic

CLS
INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER"; N
S = N
WHILE N <> 0
A = N MOD 10
R = R * 10 + A
N = FIX(N / 10)
WEND
IF S = R THEN
PRINT "THE GIVEN NUMBER IS PALINDROME"
ELSE
PRINT "IT IS NOT PALINDROME"
END IF

Using Declare Sub Procedure

DECLARE SUB A (N)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER"; N
CALL A(N)
END
SUB A (N)
S = N
WHILE N <> 0
B = N MOD 10
R = R * 10 + B
N = FIX(N / 10)
WEND
IF S = R THEN
PRINT "IT IS PALINDROME"
ELSE
PRINT "IT IS NOT PALINDROME"
END IF
END SUB

---

Program to check a given string is palindrome or not in qbasic

CLS
INPUT "ENTER A STRING"; S$
FOR I = LEN(S$) TO 1 STEP -1
M$ = MID$(S$, I, 1)
REV$ = REV$ + M$
NEXT I
IF S$ = REV$ THEN
PRINT "THE GIVEN STRING IS PALINDROME"
ELSE
PRINT "IT IS NOT PALINDROME"
END IF

Using declare sub

DECLARE SUB A(S$)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A STRING"; S$
CALL A(S$)
END
SUB A(S$)
FOR I = LEN(S$) TO 1 STEP -1
M$ = MID$(S$, I, 1)
REV$ = REV$ + M$
NEXT I
IF S$ = REV$ THEN
PRINT "THE GIVEN STRING IS PALINDROME"
ELSE
PRINT "IT IS NOT PALINDROME"
END IF
END SUB

---

Program to check given number is armstrong or not in qbasic

CLS
INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER"; N
S = N
WHILE N <> 0
A = N MOD 10
R = R + A ^ 3
N = FIX(N / 10)
WEND
IF S = R THEN
PRINT "THE GIVEN NUMBER IS ARMSTRONG"
ELSE
PRINT "IT IS NOT ARMSTRONG"
END IF

Using declare sub procedure

DECLARE SUB A(N)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER"; N
CALL A(N)
END
SUB A(N)
S=N
WHILE N <> 0
B = N MOD 10
R = R + B ^ 3
N = FIX(N / 10)
WEND
IF S = R THEN
PRINT "THE GIVEN NUMBER IS ARMSTRONG"
ELSE
PRINT "IT IS NOT ARMSTRONG"
END IF
END SUB

---

Program to reverse a given number in qbasic

CLS
INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER"; N
WHILE N <> 0
A = N MOD 10
R = R * 10 + A
N = FIX(N / 10)
WEND
PRINT R
END

Using declare sub procedure

DECLARE SUB A(N)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER"; N
CALL A(N)
END
SUB A(N)
WHILE N <> 0
B = N MOD 10
R = R * 10 + B
N = FIX(N / 10)
WEND
PRINT R
END SUB

Using declare function procedure

DECLARE FUNCTION A(N)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER"; N
PRINT A(N)
END
FUNCTION A(N)
WHILE N <> 0
B = N MOD 10
R = R * 10 + B
N = FIX(N / 10)
WEND
A=R
END FUNCTION

---

Program to convert decimal to hexadecimal in qbasic

'THIS PROGRAM CONVERTS DECIMAL NUMBER INTO HEXADECIMAL
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A DECIMAL VALUE"; N
WHILE N <> 0
K = N MOD 16
IF K = 10 THEN
B$ = "A"
ELSEIF K = 11 THEN
B$ = "B"
ELSEIF K = 12 THEN
B$ = "C"
ELSEIF K = 13 THEN
B$ = "D"
ELSEIF K = 14 THEN
B$ = "E"
ELSEIF K = 15 THEN
B$ = "F"
ELSE
B$ = STR$(K)
END IF
H$ = B$ + H$
N = FIX(N / 16)
WEND
PRINT "HEXADECIMAL VALUE IS "; H$
END

Using declare function procedure

'THIS PROGRAM CONVERTS DECIMAL NUMBER INTO HEXADECIMAL
DECLARE FUNCTION Z$ (N)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A DECIMAL VALUE"; N
PRINT "HEXADECIMAL VALUE IS "; Z$(N)
END

FUNCTION Z$ (N)
WHILE N <> 0
K = N MOD 16
IF K = 10 THEN
B$ = "A"
ELSEIF K = 11 THEN
B$ = "B"
ELSEIF K = 12 THEN
B$ = "C"
ELSEIF K = 13 THEN
B$ = "D"
ELSEIF K = 14 THEN
B$ = "E"
ELSEIF K = 15 THEN
B$ = "F"
ELSE
B$ = STR$(K)
END IF
H$ = B$ + H$
N = FIX(N / 16)
WEND
Z$ = H$
END FUNCTION

Using declare sub procedure

'THIS PROGRAM CONVERTS DECIMAL NUMBER INTO HEXADECIMAL
DECLARE SUB Z (N)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A DECIMAL VALUE"; N
CALL Z(N)
END

SUB Z (N)
WHILE N <> 0
K = N MOD 16
IF K = 10 THEN
B$ = "A"
ELSEIF K = 11 THEN
B$ = "B"
ELSEIF K = 12 THEN
B$ = "C"
ELSEIF K = 13 THEN
B$ = "D"
ELSEIF K = 14 THEN
B$ = "E"
ELSEIF K = 15 THEN
B$ = "F"
ELSE
B$ = STR$(K)
END IF
H$ = B$ + H$
N = FIX(N / 16)
WEND
PRINT "HEXADECIMAL VALUE IS  "; H$
END SUB

---

Program to convert decimal to octal in qbasic

'THIS PROGRAM CONVERTS DECIMAL NUMBER TO Octal
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER"; N
WHILE N <> 0
A = N MOD 8
B$ = STR$(A)
N = FIX(N / 8)
C$ = B$ + C$
WEND
PRINT "QUAINARY EQUIVALENT IS"; C$
END

Using declare sub procedure

'THIS PROGRAM CONVERTS DECIMAL NUMBER TO Octal
DECLARE SUB O(N)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER"; N
CALL O(N)
END
SUB O(N)
WHILE N <> 0
A = N MOD 8
B$ = STR$(A)
N = FIX(N / 8)
C$ = B$ + C$
WEND
PRINT "QUAINARY EQUIVALENT IS"; C$
END SUB

Using declare function procedure

'THIS PROGRAM CONVERTS DECIMAL NUMBER TO Octal
DECLARE FUNCTION O$(N)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER"; N
PRINT "QUAINARY EQUIVALENT IS"; O$(N)
END
FUNCTION O$(N)
WHILE N <> 0
A = N MOD 8
B$ = STR$(A)
N = FIX(N / 8)
C$ = B$ + C$
WEND
O$=C$
END FUNCTION

---

Program to reverse a given string in qbasic

CLS
INPUT "ENTER A STRING"; S$
FOR I = LEN(S$) TO 1 STEP -1
M$ = MID$(S$, I, 1)
REV$ = REV$ + M$
NEXT I
PRINT REV$
END

Using declare sub procedure

DECLARE SUB A(S$)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A STRING"; S$
CALL A(S$)
END
SUB A(S$)
FOR I = LEN(S$) TO 1 STEP -1
M$ = MID$(S$, I, 1)
REV$ = REV$ + M$
NEXT I
PRINT REV$
END SUB

Using declare function procedure

DECLARE FUNCTION A$ (S$)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A STRING"; S$
PRINT A$(S$)
END
FUNCTION A$ (S$)
FOR I = LEN(S$) TO 1 STEP -1
M$ = MID$(S$, I, 1)
REV$ = REV$ + M$
NEXT I
A$ = REV$
END FUNCTION

---

Program to converts Hexadecimal to Decimal in Qbasic

'THIS PROGRAM CONVERTS HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL
CLS
INPUT "ENTER HEXADECIMAL VALUE";B$
FOR I=LEN(B$) TO 1 STEP -1
A$=MID$(B$,I,1)
C=VAL(A$)
IF A$="A" THEN C=10
IF A$="B" THEN C=11
IF A$="C" THEN C=12
IF A$="D" THEN C=13
IF A$="E" THEN C=14
IF A$="F" THEN C=15
H=H+C*16^P
P=P+1
NEXT I
PRINT "DECIMAL VALUE IS";H
END

Using declare function procedure

'THIS PROGRAM CONVERTS HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL
DECLARE FUNCTION Z(B$)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER HEXADECIMAL VALUE";B$
PRINT "DECIMAL VALUE IS";Z(B$)
END
FUNCTION Z(B$)
FOR I=LEN(B$) TO 1 STEP -1
A$=MID$(B$,I,1)
C=VAL(A$)
IF A$="A" THEN C=10
IF A$="B" THEN C=11
IF A$="C" THEN C=12
IF A$="D" THEN C=13
IF A$="E" THEN C=14
IF A$="F" THEN C=15
H=H+C*16^P
P=P+1
NEXT I
Z=H
END FUNCTION

Using declare sub procedure

'THIS PROGRAM CONVERTS HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL
DECLARE SUB Z(B$)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER HEXADECIMAL VALUE";B$
CALL Z(B$)
END
SUB Z(B$)
FOR I=LEN(B$) TO 1 STEP -1
A$=MID$(B$,I,1)
C=VAL(A$)
IF A$="A" THEN C=10
IF A$="B" THEN C=11
IF A$="C" THEN C=12
IF A$="D" THEN C=13
IF A$="E" THEN C=14
IF A$="F" THEN C=15
H=H+C*16^P
P=P+1
NEXT I
PRINT "DECIMAL VALUE IS";H
END SUB

---

Program to convert decimal to binary in qbasic

'THIS PROGRAM CONVERTS DECIMAL NUMBER TO BINARY
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER"; N
WHILE N <> 0
A = N MOD 2
B$ = STR$(A)
N = FIX(N / 2)
C$ = B$ + C$
WEND
PRINT "BINARY EQUIVALENT IS"; C$
END

Using declare sub procedure

'THIS PROGRAM CONVERTS DECIMAL NUMBER TO BINARY
DECLARE SUB A (N)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER"; N
CALL A(N)
END

SUB A (N)
WHILE N <> 0
E = N MOD 2
B$ = STR$(E)
N = FIX(N / 2)
C$ = B$ + C$
WEND
PRINT "BINARY EQUIVALENT IS"; C$
END SUB

Using declare function procedure

'THIS PROGRAM CONVERTS DECIMAL NUMBER TO BINARY
DECLARE FUNCTION A$ (N)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER"; N
PRINT "BINARY EQUIVALENT IS"; A$(N)
END

FUNCTION A$ (N)
WHILE N <> 0
E = N MOD 2
B$ = STR$(E)
N = FIX(N / 2)
C$ = B$ + C$
WEND
A$=C$
END FUNCTION

---

Program to convert Binary to Decimal in qbasic

'THIS PROGRAM CONVERTS BINARY NUMBER TO DECIMAL
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A BINARY NUMBER"; B$
FOR I = LEN(B$) TO 1 STEP -1
A$ = MID$(B$, I, 1)
C = VAL(A$)
M = M + C * 2 ^ P
P = P + 1
NEXT I
PRINT "DECIMAL VALUE IS "; M
END

Using declare sub procedure

'THIS PROGRAM CONVERTS BINARY NUMBER TO DECIMAL
DECLARE SUB Z(B$)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A BINARY NUMBER"; B$
CALL Z(B$)
END
SUB Z(B$)
FOR I = LEN(B$) TO 1 STEP -1
A$ = MID$(B$, I, 1)
C = VAL(A$)
M = M + C * 2 ^ P
P = P + 1
NEXT I
PRINT "DECIMAL VALUE IS "; M
END SUB

Using declare function procedure

'THIS PROGRAM CONVERTS BINARY NUMBER TO DECIMAL
DECLARE FUNCTION Z (B$)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A BINARY NUMBER"; B$
PRINT "DECIMAL VALUE IS "; Z(B$)
END

FUNCTION Z (B$)
FOR I = LEN(B$) TO 1 STEP -1
A$ = MID$(B$, I, 1)
C = VAL(A$)
M = M + C * 2 ^ P
P = P + 1
NEXT I
Z = M
END FUNCTION

---

Program to convert Octal to Decimal in Qbasic

'THIS PROGRAM CONVERTS OCTAL TO DECIMAL
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A OCTAL VALUE"; B$
FOR I = LEN(B$) TO 1 STEP -1
A$ = MID$(B$, I, 1)
C = VAL(A$)
D = D + C * 8 ^ P
P = P + 1
NEXT I
PRINT "DECIMAL VALUE IS"; D
END

Using declare function procedure

'THIS PROGRAM CONVERTS OCTAL TO DECIMAL
DECLARE FUNCTION Z (B$)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A OCTAL VALUE"; B$
PRINT "DECIMAL VALUE IS"; Z(B$)
END

FUNCTION Z (B$)
FOR I = LEN(B$) TO 1 STEP -1
A$ = MID$(B$, I, 1)
C = VAL(A$)
D = D + C * 8 ^ P
P = P + 1
NEXT I
Z = D
END FUNCTION

Using declare sub procedure

'THIS PROGRAM CONVERTS OCTAL TO DECIMAL
DECLARE SUB Z(B$)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A OCTAL VALUE"; B$
CALL Z(B$)
END
SUB Z(B$)
FOR I = LEN(B$) TO 1 STEP -1
A$ = MID$(B$, I, 1)
C = VAL(A$)
D = D + C * 8 ^ P
P = P + 1
NEXT I
PRINT "DECIMAL VALUE IS"; D
END SUB

---

Program to find the product of the digits of the given number in Qbasic

CLS
R = 1
INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER";N
WHILE N<>0
A = N MOD 10
R = R * A
N = FIX ( N / 10 )
WEND
PRINT "PRODUCT OF DIGITS IS";R
END

Using declare sub procedure

DECLARE SUB C(N)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER";N
CALL C(N)
END
SUB C(N)
R = 1
WHILE N<>0
A = N MOD 10
R = R * A
N = FIX ( N / 10 )
WEND
PRINT "PRODUCT OF DIGITS IS";R
END SUB

Using declare function procedure

DECLARE FUNCTION C(N)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER";N
PRINT "PRODUCT OF DIGITS IS";C(N)
END
FUNCTION C(N)
R = 1
WHILE N<>0
A = N MOD 10
R = R * A
N = FIX ( N / 10 )
WEND
C = R
END FUNCTION

---

Program to find the sum of the digits of the given number in Qbasic

CLS
INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER";N
WHILE N<>0
A = N MOD 10
R = R + A
N = FIX ( N / 10 )
WEND
PRINT "SUM OF DIGITS IS";R
END

Using declare function procedure

DECLARE FUNCTION C(N)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER";N
PRINT "SUM OF DIGITS IS";C(N)
END
FUNCTION C(N)
WHILE N<>0
A = N MOD 10
R = R + A
N = FIX ( N / 10 )
WEND
C = R
END FUNCTION

Using declare sub procedure

DECLARE SUB C(N)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER";N
CALL C(N)
END
SUB C(N)
WHILE N<>0
A = N MOD 10
R = R + A
N = FIX ( N / 10 )
WEND
PRINT "SUM OF DIGITS IS";R
END SUB

---

Program to print fibonacci series in Qbasic

Write a program in Qbasic to print the fibonacci series up to tenth term. Using loops-FOR...NEXT & WHILE...WEND Fibonacci series is the series in which the next number is obtained by the sum of two number just front of it. The first two numbers are explained by the user.It can be obtained up to any term.Here, I am only doing of tenth term.You can change the number of output to any term just by changing the looping number.Here is example of a fibonacci series. suppose you entered the first two numbers-1 & 2 and upto the tenth term then your output will be as:
1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89
Here in the begining 1 & 2 are the entered numbers.3 is the product of 1 & 2 as the definition of fibonacci series given in first.like wise 5 is the sum of 2 & 3 and 8 is the sum of 3 & 5 and so on..You can Download the source file.Here is the program.

Using FOR...NEXT

CLS
A = 1
B = 2
PRINT A
PRINT B
FOR I = 1 TO 10
C = A + B
PRINT C
A = B
B = C
NEXT I
END

Using WHILE...WEND

CLS
I = 1
A = 1
B = 2
PRINT A
PRINT B
WHILE I < = 10
C = A + B
PRINT C
A = B
B = C
I = I + 1
WEND
END

Using declare sub procedure

Using FOR...NEXT

DECLARE SUB FIB ()
CLS
CALL FIB
END
SUB FIB
A = 1
B = 2
PRINT A
PRINT B
FOR I = 1 TO 10
C = A + B
PRINT C
A = B
B = C
NEXT I
END SUB

Using WHILE...WEND

DECLARE SUB FIB ()
CLS
CALL FIB
END
SUB FIB
I = 1
A = 1
B = 2
PRINT A
PRINT B
WHILE I < = 10
C = A + B
PRINT C
A = B
B = C
I = I + 1
WEND
END SUB

---

Program to check whether a given number is prime or composite in qbasic

'PROGRAM TO CHECK WHETHER A GIVEN NUMBER IS PRIME OR COMPOSITE
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER";N
FOR I = 2 TO N/2
IF N MOD I = 0 THEN
C = C+2
END IF
NEXT I
IF C>0 THEN
PRINT "IT IS COMPOSITE"
ELSE
? "IT IS PRIME"
END IF
END

Using declare sub procedure

'CHECK WHETHER A GIVEN NUMBER IS PRIME OR COMPOSITE
DECLARE SUB A(N)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER";N
CALL A(N)
END

SUB A(N)
FOR I = 2 TO N/2
IF N MOD I = 0 THEN
C = C+2
END IF
NEXT I
IF C>0 THEN
PRINT "IT IS COMPOSITE"
ELSE
? "IT IS PRIME"
END IF
END SUB

Using declare function procedure

'PROGRAM TO CHECK WHETHER A GIVEN NUMBER IS PRIME OR COMPOSITE
DECLARE FUNCTION AB (N)
CLS
INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER"; N
IF AB(N) > 0 THEN
PRINT "IT IS COMPOSITE"
ELSE
PRINT "IT IS PRIME"
END IF
END

FUNCTION AB (N)
FOR I = 2 TO N / 2
IF N MOD I = 0 THEN
C = C + 2
END IF
NEXT I
AB = C
END FUNCTION

IT Policy in Nepal

In Nepal The information technology policy shall be developed to make information technology accessible to the general public and increase employment through this means, to build a knowledge-based society, and to establish knowledge-based industries.

The policies to be pursued for the implementation of the above-mentioned strategies shall be as follows:

• To declare information technology sectors a prioritized sector.

• To follow a single-door system for the development of information technology.

• To prioritize research and development of information technology.

• To create a conducive environment that will attract investment in the private sector, keeping in view the private sector's role in the development of information technology.
• To provide internet facilities to all Village Development committees of the country in phases.

• To render assistance to educational institutions and encourage native and foreign training as a necessity of fulfilling the requirement of qualified manpower in various fields pertaining to information technology.

• To computerize the records of each governmental office and build websites for them for the flow of information.

• To increase the use of computers in the private sector.

• To develop physical and virtual information technology park in various places with the private sector's participation for the development of information technology.

• To use information technology to promote e-commerce, e-education, e-health, among others, and to transfer technology in rural areas.

• To establish National Information Technology Centre.

• To establish a national level fund by mobilizing the resources obtained from His Majesty's Government, donor agencies, and private sectors so as to contribute to research and development of information technology and other activities pertaining to it.

• To establish venture capital funds with the joint participation of public and private sectors.

• To include computer education in the curriculum from the school level and broaden its scope.

• To establish Nepal in the global market through the use of information technology.

• To draft necessary laws that provides legal sanctions to the use of information technology.

• To gradually use information technology in all types of governmental activities and provide legal sanctions to its uses in such activities.

Small and Medium Enterprise Solutions

Tally 9 – The Complete Business Solution As your business grows and transcends state and international borders, you need a business accounting software that keeps pace with your complex business demands and simplifies growth. The software you choose must offer you greater speed, power and reliability, besides having the ability to adapt quickly to your business. Tally 9 was engineered to effectively fulfill these needs and help overcome the challenges of a growing business. Designed for unmatched speed, power, scaleability and reliability Powered by Tally’s path-breaking proprietary technology - C:MuLate (Concurrent Multi-lingual Accelerated Technology Engine) – Tally 9 is the result of a perfect fusion between the Concurrent Multi-lingual Platform and Object Oriented Database Engine. This technology is what ensures the blazing speed, power, scaleability and world-class reliability that Tally 9 promises. Features that will empower your business The dynamic features and MIS capabilities in Tally 9 are designed to simplify your business operations, while giving you complete control over your accounting, inventory and statutory processes. Multi-lingual and data synchronisation capabilities, allow you to transact business without language barriers or geographical boundaries. Tally 9 is very simple to learn and even easier to use. And the advantages of using this robust product are apparent from the start. To learn more about how Tally 9 can enhance your productivity and profitability, do look through the features and benefits. Tally 9 Features Tally 9 has powerful, in-built features that are designed to meet the complex needs of a growing business. These features will help you speed up your business processes, take quicker decisions and enhance your productivity. General Features Concurrent Multi-lingual capability- allows you to expand your business beyond geographical boundaries without worrying about language barriers. You can maintain your accounts in one language, view reports in another language and send invoices to your customers in yet another language, all at the press of a button. Payroll- lets you automate the management of your employee records including visa and employment contract management. This feature also offers automatic calculation of salaries and payslip generation. Job Costing- enables you to generate profitability statements for each project executed, including financial and material resource apportionments, wherever applicable. POS Invoicing- allows faster data entry and printing on 40 column continuous stationery. It also provides barcode support. Flexible Financial Periods- allows you to break away from inflexible accounting years and perform all accounting functions in Tally for time-periods that suit your convenience. Unlimited Companies- allows you to create and maintain up to 99,999 companies, concurrently. Data Synchronisation- helps you synchronise and update data across multiple locations. This enables fast and easy exchange of business information, between offices and branches, across various geographies. Consolidation of Companies- enables grouping of companies and provides consolidated reports. Changes done in any constituent or branch company are automatically updated in the grouped information. Unlimited levels of classification- facilitates ledger classification and re-classification as required. It also enables easy viewing and analysis of information; thus helping you make informed decisions. Advanced MIS- helps you compare information in order to understand and analyse performance levels for various periods or divisions. It helps you study and understand the buying patterns of customers, so that you can channel your resources to specific segments, periods or customers. It also helps you analyse cash flow situations. Drill Down Facility- helps you drill down or instantly update from any report – starting from the Balance Sheet down to Vouchers, or vice versa. Accounting Features Accounting without CODES – lets you define unlimited levels of classification, with regular names (no more inconvenient account codes), so that you can manage the most complex ledgers with ease. Unified Ledgers – integrates your general, sales and purchase ledgers into a single ledger, organised in groups, for easy management. Complete Bookkeeping – enables you to record all types of transactions including receipts, payments, income and expenses, sales and purchases, debit notes, credit notes, adjustment journals, memorandum journals and reversing journals. Transaction data entry through unique voucher entry is easy and flexible to configure, for diverse types of transactions. Comprehensive Accounting – lets you instantly obtain your balance sheets, profit & loss statements, cash and funds flows, trial balances, and others. Multi-currency Accounting – offers you flexibility of multiple currencies in the same transaction and allows viewing of all reports in one or more currency. Tally meets the fundamental criteria set out for EMU handling. Receivables and Payables – enables you to: Dynamically allocate payments against invoices with reference to due dates Get reports that are classified, grouped, and aged to your definitions Generate customisable reminders, for overdues Payment Performance of Debtors – helps you identify troublesome debtors and persistent late payers, thereby helping you take the right decision. Ratio Analysis – offers you a bird’s eye view of your company, through a single sheet performance analysis, based on a range of key performance ratios. Generate Quotations, Orders, Invoice, Voucher and Cheque Printing – ensures real-time linking of accounts and inventory besides enabling instantaneous generation of documents, which can either be printed or mailed directly to the recipient. Budgeting – gives you unlimited budgets and periods. For example, original and revised budgets. Security Control – enables you to define security levels for access control. Powerful Audit capabilities - allows you to track malafide changes, while making genuine corrections with unparalleled ease. "Scenario" management – helps you with your business forecasting and planning. You can use optional, reversing journals and memorandum vouchers, to aid in recording provisional entries that are useful for interim reports. For example, you can use optional vouchers to record provisional sales and compare with actuals. You can also prepare reports that include provisional figures, without affecting actual accounts, by using automatic reversing journals. Unlimited Cost/Profit Centres with power project oriented reporting – gives you multi-dimensional analysis and comparatives, with an unlimited classification of analysis criteria. Interest Calculation – enables you to calculate interest on dues, loans etc., based on certain set criteria or specified dates and time periods. You can also customise the calculation of interest to change after a certain time period, or based on other pre-defined conditions. Inventory Features Multi-location Stock Control– helps you manage simple single-location, or complex multi-location stocks, with unlimited classification systems for your items, and your own units of measure. Multiple-location Warehouse Management– helps you track stock movement; allowing you to decide which warehouse to ship from depending on stock position. Flexible Units of Measure– helps you track stock, irrespective of the units of measure. For example, when you buy in tons and sell in kilograms or buy in crates and sell as pieces. Comprehensive recording of stock movement– lets you comprehensively record all sorts of inventory transactions, using the inventory voucher forms. Vouchers include goods receipt notes, delivery notes, stock journals, manufacturing journals and physical stock journals. All stock movements are fully recorded and maintained in stock registers. Varieties of Management Reports– gives you party-wise details of goods bought and sold and helps you identify customer buying patterns, through movement analysis. Stock query is a unique single sheet report that gives you information on stocks at different locations, as well as stock in hand of substitutes. Stock Ageing– identifies stocks based on age, thus helping you to dispose off old stocks quickly. Batch-related Stock Reports– helps you exercise stock control at the level of batches, by generating reports such as ‘batch-wise’ reports and ‘expiry date’ based details. Comprehensive Order Status Reports– ensures that you stay on top of your stocks order position. You can also specify re-order levels in absolute quantities, or based on previous consumption. Sales & Purchase Orders– enables you to record orders with a complete cycle of recording and allocation through inventory deliveries, invoicing and accounting - maintaining the trail right through. Single sheet reports give you details of current stocks, orders due for delivery, orders due for receipt, or shortfalls, if any. You can also get party-wise or item-wise details of orders outstanding and/or fulfilled. Invoicing– allows you to print, export, e-mail or publish sales invoices that are produced, directly from Tally. This comprehensive invoicing system allows flexible handling of charges and taxes. You can choose from different invoice formats and adopt them as your own, or have a completely different layout designed. Multiple Stock Valuation– allows you to choose from different types of valuation methods, including ‘First in First out’, ‘Age Cost’, ‘Last in Last out’, ‘Standard’, among others. Reorder Levels- allows for user-defined Reorder levels for any given period thus helping you avoid excess stocking of items while ensuring that you don’t run out of essential stock. Multiple Price Levels- allows you to pre-define item rates for specific categories of customers, enabling faster and error-free invoicing and data entry. Other Unique Features Cutting-edge Technology- Tally 9 has achieved major technological breakthroughs to enable you to benefit from collaborative technology such as, protocol support for HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, ODBC, and Raw Sockets, with data interchange formats like XML, HTML, SOAP, SDF and related formats, rule-based collaboration supporting export, upload and synchronisation. Built on the path-breaking concurrent multi-lingual, multi-user platform, Tally 9 is powered by a highly optimised Object Oriented Database Engine. OpenTally– lets you create your format in any ODBC compliant software like MS-Word or MS-Excel, and then pull data from Tally, to create any report you want. You can even generate your export documentation by pulling data from Tally. MailTally– enables you to easily e-mail invoices, purchase orders or any other documents, to your customers, suppliers or associates. You can also save time and costs of printing and postage by emailing reminder letters, statement of accounts etc. XML Tally- enables you to exchange information with non-Tally systems so that you can share data across locations and make your workflow seamless. Online Help– offers you ‘Context Sensitive Help’. Just press the ‘Help’ button while in Tally, and it will bring up the relevant topic. Print Preview– lets you check report formats and layouts before actually printing. Direct access to the internet– lets you directly access and browse the web from within Tally 9. Export to Excel– Export to Excel is a new feature that has been incorporated in this release of Tally 9. This feature enables the user to export any report generated by Tally into Excel. Consequently the user can generate graphical representations of his data for better visual presentation. It will considerably speed up and ease the process of filing VAT e-Returns in the future. Note: Export to Excel is compatible with Microsoft Office'97 or higher. LAN Support for Tally 9 Silver– lets you directly access and browse the web from within A single company data can now be accessed simultaneously by more than one Tally 9 Silver (Single User) licenses.

Introduction of Computer

Computer is an Electronic device which accepts raw data from user and able to give meaningful output. It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions.

Diagram of Computer

All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components:-

Memory : Enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data and programs.

Mass storage device : Allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data. Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape drives.

Input device : Usually a keyboard and mouse, the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a computer.

Output device : A display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished.

Central processing unit (CPU): The heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes instructions.